新型地锚张弦梁式泥石流格栅坝构件受力的简化计算方法

针对常见泥石流防治结构被冲击破坏的问题，基于“柔性消能”理念，结合张弦梁结构和竖向预应力锚杆技术，提出一种既能改善结构受力性能、增加结构整体抗冲击能力、保证结构安全可靠，又能减小结构构件截面尺寸、节约成本、便于现场施工组装和后期运营维护的新型地锚张弦梁式泥石流格栅坝，并阐述其技术原理。根据泥石流荷载分布和新型地锚张弦梁式泥石流格栅坝的受力特征，给出其简化的内力计算方法；并利用SAP2000建立新结构有限元模型，分析了结构的整体受力，验证了构件简化计算方法的合理性；结合Python语言和Qt De? signer软件开发了相应的设计计算软件，对新型地锚张弦梁式泥石流格栅坝的内力进行求解。结果表明：提出的新结构抗冲击性能好，构件受力均匀；以后设计中应关注竖杆的剪切脆性破坏和立柱偏心受力情况，保证结构安全；变形协调仅使底层张弦梁与竖杆内力偏大，实际工程应用时，应着重验算底层构件，防止其破坏；文中提出的简化计算方法能较准确的反映结构的受力特性，具有一定的合理性，研究可为新型地锚张弦梁式泥石流格栅坝的设计计算和推广应用提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Improving storability,physiological disorders,and antioxidant properties of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) by pre-harvest 1-methylcyclopropene spraying

Ethylene continues to be a major factor influencing quality of European pears during storage. Although research has been done on the effect of pre-harvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on physiological characteristics in pears, a full understanding of cultivar response and antioxidant metabolism remains elusive. Spraying 1-MCP on ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears was studied with respect to physiology, storage and eating quality, disorders, and antioxidant properties at two harvest date (H1 and H2) during storage and ripening. Treatment with 1-MCP extended the harvest window of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears 3 and 4 days, respectively, without reducing storage or eating quality. Treatment with 1-MCP reduced ethylene production (EPR) and respiration rates (RR), maintained fruit firmness and green colour during storage and retarded development of desirable melting texture in both cultivars. Additionally, 1-MCP lowered the incidence of disorders by alleviating membrane lipid peroxidation, retaining high total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant capacity, and enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in both cultivars. Overall, pre-harvest 1-MCP applications could extend storage time of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears to 5 and 6 months, respectively, at −1.1 ± 0.5 °C, by reducing ethylene synthesis and enhancing antioxidant metabolism.     

Improvement of the quality stability of vacuum-packaged fermented fish (Suanyu) stored at room temperature by irradiation and thermal treatments

To evaluate the effects of irradiation and thermal treatments on the quality characteristics of the vacuum-packaged low-salted fermented fish (Suanyu) during 90-day storage, thermal-treated group (TTG), irradiated-treated group (ITG) and non-treated group (CG) were prepared. The results showed that total viable counts reduced by 4.49 and 4.67 log CFU/g after thermal and irradiation treatments, respectively, and no coliforms and pseudomonas growth occurred during storage. Compared with CG, lower levels in L*, springiness, chewiness of TTG and higher levels in L*, b* and chewiness of ITG were detected after 90-day storage. Total biogenic amines content was significantly reduced in ITG compared with CG and TTG (P < 0.05). Both irradiation and thermal treatments have the potential to maintain quality of Suanyu during room storage. Compared with irradiation, thermal treatment could better stabilise the free amino acids and volatile compounds of Suanyu during room storage, but had some negative effects on texture quality.     

Indoor heterogeneous photochemistry of furfural drives emissions of nitrous acid

People spend approximately 80% of their time indoor, making the understanding of the indoor chemistry an important task for safety. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio characteristic of indoor environments leads the semi-volatile organic compounds (sVOCs) to deposit on the surfaces. Using a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP), this work investigates the formation of nitrous acid (HONO) through the photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate anions and its enhancement by the presence of furfural. Using a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS), this work also investigates the surface emissions of VOCs from irradiated films of furfural and a mix of furfural and nitrate anions. Among the emitted VOCs, 2(5H)-furanone/2-Butenedial was observed at high concentrations, leading to maleic anhydride formation after UV irradiation. Moreover, the addition of potassium nitrate to the film formed NO_x and HONO concentrations up to 10 ppb, which scales to ca. 4 ppb for realistic indoor conditions. This work helps to understand the high levels of HONO and NO_x measured indoors.     

儿童友好视角下城市公园品质与可达性研究——以巴塞罗那学龄前儿童为例

具备可进入的绿色空间、游乐场地是儿童友好城市衡量中的核心指标，也是城市公园提供的必要服务之一。聚焦对城市公园需求度和使用率较高的学龄前儿童，尝试建构综合考虑城市公园品质和可达性的分析及评估方法。选取联合国儿童友好城市——西班牙巴塞罗那为案例，基于实地调研、开源地图、官方统计数据等，使用儿童友好的公园品质指数（QUINPY）和空间句法可达性模型开展综合评价，并结合学龄前儿童人口密度分布，提出有针对性的改善建议，基于不同的需求和现状，选取改善城市交通步行环境、合理增加结构性设施或者鼓励分时段及立体化拓展空间使用可能性等适宜性创新措施。以期为我国儿童友好导向的城市公园发展建设提供参考。     

Modeling occupant behavior of the manual control of windows in residential buildings

Window opening and closing is the most preferred behavior for occupants to control their indoor environment in homes. This study aims to identify driving forces for window opening and closing behavior in the home. The additional field survey was carried out for the cooling period after following the previous study. The state of windows and environmental variables for outdoor and indoor were continuously monitored in 23 sample homes over one year. The monitored data provide evidence that there is a statistically significant relationship between window opening behavior and outdoor temperature. The behavior of the occupant's manual control of windows can be described by seasonal effects, occupancy, and time of day. Indoor stimuli, such as such as temperature, humidity, and CO₂, can better account for the window opening behavior than can outdoor stimuli. There are clear differences in driving variables between window opening and closing behavior. The closing behavior is better described when the outdoor and indoor variables are combined. Finally, multivariate logistic regression models were developed to predict typical patterns of window opening and closing as a function of indoor and outdoor variables.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定氧化铝中杂质含量的质量控制方法

为满足本公司生产需求,实验室采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定氧化铝中SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、Na₂O含量,而XRF检测结果的准确性取决于日常质量控制效果。工作中总结出一套以XRF设备分析原理为基础结合氧化铝中SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、Na₂O测定经验的有效质量控制方法,论述了质量控制计划制定的依据及质量控制方法选择的原则,从仪器设备检测状态控制、样品制备方法选择、XRF漂移校正、标准样品检测、方法比对、人员比对及留样再测等方面详细介绍了内部质量控制方法,同时运用实验室间比对及测量审核两种外部质量控制方法对内部质量控制效果进行检验。通过统计分析内外部质量控制数据,发现实验室用XRF测定粉末压片法制样的氧化铝中SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、Na₂O含量,检测结果准确可靠,证明质量控制方法有效。该套质量控制经验对于XRF测定其他材料中杂质元素含量的质量控制方法的建立同样具有参考借鉴意义。     

Is ergosterol a new microbiological quality parameter in foods or not?

One of the most important spoilage factors of foods is molds. Therefore, it is important to determine the presence of mold in foods quickly because of the deterioration of aroma, flavor, appearance, and textural structure as well as the mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites of molds. Twenty-five percent of agricultural products worldwide are infected with mycotoxins directly or indirectly. With the global population increasingly rising, the need for access of safe and adequate food in the future has great importance. Quantification of ergosterol, a constituent of the membrane of molds and a precursor of vitamin D₂, is a feasible method for determination of fungal contamination in foods. The aim of this review is to discuss the possibility of using ergosterol as an indicator of mold growth in foods.     

镍基高温合金液相扩散焊接头组织及性能

镍基高温合金GH4413在高温下具有较为优异的高温持久强度和抗蠕变性能，在航空发动机和各种工业燃气轮机中得到广泛应用。以BNi 2作为填充合金材料使用液相扩散焊对GH4413合金进行了连接，研究了在焊接温度分别为1 030和1 080 ℃、保温时间分别为30和60 min等不同焊接参数下GH4413镍基高温合金的接头微观组织、成分分布和显微硬度。扫描电镜(SEM)以及能谱分析结果表明，当焊接温度为1 080 ℃、保温时间为60 min 时，钎缝组织中形成了性能良好的固溶体，且随着焊接温度的升高和保温时间的延长，钎缝的宽度增加，钎料元素向母材中的扩散深度逐渐增加，在母材近缝区形成了金属间化合物。